Single taxpayers with taxable income up to $39,375 ($78,750 on joint returns) can pay zero percent tax on long-term capital gains. That may suggest some income-shifting strategies.

Example one: Suppose that Fred and Grace Holden plan to switch from XYZ Stock Fund to another fund. If the Holdens sell all their shares of XYZ, which has been held in a taxable account for more than one year, they would have a $30,000 long-term capital gain. With their income, in this example, Fred and Grace will owe 15 percent on long-term gains, so they would give $4,500 to the IRS: 15 percent of $30,000.

Instead, the Holdens could give their shares to their daughter Hope, a 20-year old college student who otherwise would have no taxable income this year. If Hope receives the shares in a gift from her parents, she will pick up her parents’ basis (cost for tax purposes) and holding period (long term).

Then, Hope could sell the shares immediately, realize the $30,000 long-term gain, and stay below the taxable income threshold, so she would be in the zero percent tax bracket for the gain on the sale. In this scenario, Hope’s parents would have avoided a $4,500 tax bill. What a great idea, right?

Kid stuff

Unfortunately, the zero percent tax rate is not that easy to use. For one thing, there is a “tax on certain children who have unearned income,” known as the “kiddie tax.” This rule is designed to prevent the type of income shifting the Holdens have in mind.

A “kiddie,” for this purpose, can be a youngster who was:

• Under age 18 at year-end
• Age 18 at year-end, with earned income no more than half of his or her support
• A full-time student age 19-23 at year-end, with earned income no more than half of his or her support

Some exceptions are possible. A married individual filing a joint tax return would not be included, for instance. In our example, though, the last bullet point describes Hope, so the kiddie tax would apply.

Math lesson

In 2019, kiddies can have up to $2,200 of unearned income without owing tax. Above that amount, unearned income would be taxed according to the tax rules for trusts and estates. (This step was introduced in 2018, replacing a formula based on parents’ tax rates).

Example two: Here, Hope Holden has a $30,000 long-term gain, of which she can exclude $2,200. Using the tax rates for trusts and estates in 2019, the next $2,650 of Hope’s long-term capital gain would qualify for the zero percent tax rate. Thus, each “kiddie” possibly could have up to $4,850 ($2,200 + $2,650) of long-term gains in 2019, taxed at zero percent.

Larger gains, up to $12,950, would be taxed at 15 percent. On Hope’s $30,000 long-term gain, the remainder (nearly $15,000) would be taxed at 20 percent, the top long-term capital gains rate.

Giving to grown-ups

If the kiddie tax does not apply, income shifting to use the zero percent tax rate becomes much easier. Suppose that Hope is a 24-year-old graduate student, instead of a 20-year-old undergraduate. Then, the kiddie tax would not apply, and giving Hope the appreciated shares to sell would, indeed, save the Holden family thousands of dollars in tax. The same could be true if Hope were married, reporting modest income on a joint return, or if the Holdens were helping Fred’s parents, for instance, who might be retirees living on a modest income.

Moreover, avoiding the kiddie tax is only one factor to consider in such planning. The annual gift tax exclusion amount is $15,000 in 2019. Larger gifts probably will not trigger gift tax because the federal estate and gift tax exemption is $11.4 million per individual in 2019.

On the other hand, if any individual gives assets worth more than $15,000 to a recipient in 2019, a gift tax return must be filed. For the Holdens to give Hope shares with a $30,000 built-in gain, the value of the shares probably would be more than $30,000, requiring a gift tax return.

For instance, say Fred and Grace wanted to help support Fred’s parents. They could give a total of $60,000 worth of assets, such as appreciated shares. (Fred would give $15,000 of such assets to each of his parents; Grace would do the same). Similarly, if Fred and Grace had two children beyond the kiddie tax age, they each could give $30,000 to the kids without having to worry about a gift tax return.

However, for income-shifting gifts over the $15,000 annual exclusion, pros and cons should be weighed. Are the tax savings worth the effort of transferring shares and the costs of gift tax preparation? You also must be willing to part with the relinquished assets.

Another possible benefit: transferring shares to children for a subsequent sale can be a good way of teaching them something about investing, gains, and tax consequences.